Where does structural ice typically form on an aircraft?

Structural ice typically forms in areas on an aircraft where airflow becomes disrupted due to the airframe design and shape. The horizontal stabilizer, which is positioned towards the tail of the aircraft, is particularly susceptible to ice accumulation because it has a relatively low angle of attack and is often subject to less airflow than the wings and other parts.

When the aircraft is flying in icing conditions, supercooled droplets can freeze upon contact with surfaces that are below freezing temperatures. The horizontal stabilizer provides a flat surface where this ice can easily accumulate.

While the wings, vertical stabilizer, and engine cowling can also experience icing, the horizontal stabilizer is often highlighted due to its crucial role in maintaining stability and control. Ice accumulation on this surface can significantly impact an aircraft’s performance, making it critical for pilots to be aware of and manage potential ice formation in these areas during flight in icing conditions.